This brings us to two very different questions:
4.1 What theories or theoretical approaches into the circle to the consideration to be moved?
4.2 What elements of theories and a theoretical approach to be compared?
4.1 What are the theories and theoretical approaches will be brought into the circle of observation?
It is about the question of how qualified a theory to be taken from us too seriously, which means that it happens to the grace to be respected and accepted within our debate for now at least once as a potentially serious argument.
Opp (1978, p. 215) proposes a methodological maxim to select those theories for comparison, which are judged to solve a specific problem of knowledge as the most fertile. This, however, even the selection of a particular problem as primarily relevant advance.
problems are, in turn, however, already written in theoretical terms, so that the relevance of theories by selecting a specific problem formulation more or less be prejudged already is.
You have to see here clearly that it is ultimately about the political issue of setting research priorities. Here, both internal scientific and external goals, such as scientific considerations play a role.
In this sense "internal" priority decisions are taken based on the objective of finding the truth. It is chosen according to the criterion of the problems with regard to the truth or strategic information gathering of particular importance and urgency are therefore resolved. Certain issues are more important than others to answer because the answer they provide access to an even greater amount of intelligence as a relatively others. This argument is common, where it concerns the promotion of basic research.
External priorities for problems to be introduced into the science if science is not operated for its own sake. Here it is then only once to clarify the issue upstream:
Who has the power of the researcher's work?
He himself? The company? Who is "society", however, in each case the present specific case?
called for here is essentially a political theory of democracy, what criteria value and relevance considerations can provide in order to measure this, the current situation of social sub-system science. Included should be an assessment of each case and given the desired interactions between science and society. How to participate in society and representatives of social groups to which the relevant decision-making would be one of the key questions that would answer such a political and normative theory. The use of explicit value judgments would be formulated in this research policy Discussion circumvent absolutely not to realize the greatest possible transparency also very important. For a rational use of value judgments will thus allows most appropriate that one of its normative character by explicit wording clearly identifiable, and even out-versa - a powerful medicine against any suspicion of ideology! A society that sees itself as a democracy should lead the discussion on the priorities of national and international research policy in the broadest possible public, which means above all in the mass media and in the intermediate groups such as political parties and trade unions). It is first and foremost by an information and accountability of those likely that the ruling powers have held the national research resources. In this public debate, the relevance criteria of responsible decision-makers would be to designate clearly. In this context, it must further be possible also to the individual scientist to his personal labor and right to self-realization, it is finally so well to articulate its interests and exercise a right of participation in the research policy of his country.
These authors hold the view is just one among many possible political positions. What matters here: The scientific theory must assume it, that will be unavoidable in the decision on the selection of research problems such positions to bear. Fact, one can not help to define methods such as this can go with a high degree of rational argument CARRIED. The real possibility of such a process solution to deny would be to close our eyes to the normative force of facts, namely, before the real vorfindbaren use of science by the holders of social power positions on the one hand and the at least implicit use of political value judgments by only ostensibly apolitical only scientists.
4.2 What elements of a theory or theoretical approach to be compared?
First is meant the difference between "theory" and "theoretical" approach to be clarified. "Theoretical" approach is as a precursor of the elaborate and developed form of a theory to understand.
"As a 'theoretical approaches' will be referred to the prospects that will work from which the empirical and theoretical sociology, they focus attention on a particular class of objects and features, in the course of the theory as to explain, problems, or as explanatory assumptions are used. " (Wippler 1978, p. 197)
a core component of such theoretical approaches are the so-called orientation hypothesis n dar.
Such a universal component with an existential component is connected (Watkinsche All-Some-Statements). They are thus neither verifiable nor falsifiable in the strict sense, therefore, that is metaphysically (p. 199 f). Are you still a realistic setting, where they focus the research on which empirical objects need to be explained or can be used as the starting point of explanation.
It is debatable whether its heuristic function must be confined to the early stages of theory formation. Or whether, in its concept and hypothesis-generating function of the fundamental background of a broader theory determined able to deliver. A background to the exploit it, the theoretical hypotheses and testing must constantly return.
theories and theoretical approaches to form a logical whole of knowledge, which consists of many more or less qualified part consists findings, which are incorporated in the individual components. Therefore, all raised to explain the facts of social action and process data are taken into account in social collectives theory required elements for a theory of comparison (Lindenberg / Wippler 1979, p. 227).
It was the variety of possible different parts of a combined theory Deduktionsmodell demonstrated. This scheme is to be regarded only as a basic pattern of exposure of the individual elements of a declaration of individual and collective effects of social action. It is not misread as a research strategic directive to go to just this one statement from the individual to the collective direction. This is by no means a precedent for the psychological Reduktionalismus given, even if at first glance, this could easily be construed.
From the Lindenberg / Wippler model has the following components of a theoretical explanation of social processes:
a) propositions about individuals;
b) initial conditions;
c) correspondence rules;
d) idealized or concrete descriptions of social situations;
e) transformation rules;
f) boundary conditions;
g) individual effects;
h) collective events and processes.
For further clarification:
agent correspondence rules situation descriptions are translated into the language of theoretical propositions about individuals.
transformation rules to specify how individual can be converted to collective propositions. You can represent partial definitions ("partial" because the definiendum can not be replaced throughout by the Definiens), Implikationsaussagen or mathematical models (p. 222 et seq.)
Nor should the distinction between initial conditions and conditions are respected; initial conditions are observation language formulated conditions in the theory of language, the former exert their function in the derivation of individual, the latter in the derivation of collective effects ( p. 230).
Based on this model can identify the specific deficiencies and merits of different theoretical paradigms and explain further. Also arise out of it heuristic variations, herauszuschälen to the fertile eclecticism, the positive elements of different theoretical approaches and to combine them.
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Hondrich / Matthes 1978: Karl Otto Hondrich, Joachim Matthes (ed.), comparison theory in the social sciences , Darmstadt Neuwied 1978th
Opp 1978: Karl-Dieter Opp, problems and strategies of the theory of comparative , in: Hondrich / Matthes 1978, p. 213-218.
Wippler 1978: Reinhard Wippler, the explanatory theories The development of theoretical approaches, in: Hondrich / Matthes 1978, p. 196-212.
Lindenberg / Wippler 1978: Siegwart Lindenberg, Reinhard Wippler, comparison theory: elements of the reconstruction , in: Hondrich / Matthes 1978, p. 219-231.
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