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"value freedom" or "value judgments freedom" is the philosophy of science, the need for testimony to be free from a positive or negative opinion, request or requirement.
This postulate is based on a thesis (1), Max Weber, who had represented in the value-judgment dispute:
"An empirical science can teach anyone what he should'''', but only what he can''' 'and - what is often stated he wants to''''."( 2)
The ideal of neutrality
The principle of neutrality in the empirical sciences as a requirement - also or at least implicitly assumed to be the ideal standard by holding for the acceptance or rejection of a fact, hypothesis or theory alone, the relevant facts or empirical data, but not the value judgments of the scientist or other person for decisive.
was coined Historically this view in the British empiricism, notably through David Hume's ban on a fallacy of being again. (3) Then it is basically impossible to conclude logically from descriptive statements on value judgments. Scientific theories are to describe and explain facts in the world and for these purposes are irrelevant after Weber's view, value judgments. To answer the question "What is the case in the world? "is an answer to the question" What should be the case in the world? "irrelevant.
Even Weber's value freedom principle applies in principle to the confusion of being and Sollensbehauptungen. (4) For such is a kind of deception that is often used to persuade others (5).
value judgments and property claim from each other linguistically distinct?
language Logical analysis, like those of Theodor Geiger and Hans Albert as Max Weber predicted that it was carried out by linguistic means, factual claims and opinions about what is desirable for or held ablehnenswert is to strictly separate. follow
To the ideal of neutrality in practice, however, is only required that meant to be and can be separated in language and thought:
"It must be possible to statements of fact and judgmental opinions''to distinguish linguistically''otherwise. is the demand in principle unrealizable and thus done, if one the principle that ought implies can 'does not accept. " (6)
For opponents of Weber's thesis, however, satisfies the thesis of the linguistic and logical Ununterscheidbarbarkeit of value judgments and property, claim the role of an auxiliary argument. (7) For example, is run by John Searle (8), the distinctness denied, or at least considered irrelevant.
The thesis of the value of freedom is the philosophy of science in the 20th Century also have been criticized by other positions. Thus, with reference to experiences from the history of science and sociology of knowledge often argued that the science is not only''de facto''are permeated by value judgments, but that can science do not even think differently as a value-loaded. (9) The standards of scientific evaluation and the scientific methods are always shaped by a cultural context, which in turn itself contains value judgments.
Other arguments against the thesis of ethical language are motivated more philosophical. Sun represents Hilary Putnam, the thesis that many essential concepts of the sciences are both descriptive and evaluative. (10)
and basis of value judgments
Desktop Max Weber's thesis is ultimately his belief that value judgments are not scientifically definitively established or proven can be. Empirical science can not preach "moral truths" and scientifically justified, what is ethically or morally right.
This question, although it is closely in Weber's conception, with its postulate of value freedom, but, logically and considered in itself an independent Problem. It must not be confounded with the decision as to whether the claim of value neutrality in empirical science can be met or that it should.
Notes:
(1) Herbert Keuth:''science and value judgments. To Value Dispute and positivists had to ride.''Mohr Siebeck, 1989, ISBN 3-16-345452-6. P. 16, referring to Hans Albert and Gerard Radnitzky who had also been based on this classic Weber-quote.
(2) Max Weber:''The 'objectivity' of social science and social policy''in knowledge.''Collected Essays on the Theory of Science'', ed. v. Johannes Winckelmann, Tübingen 1988th ISBN 3-8252-1492-3. S151, and in:''writings on science teaching'', Reclam, Stuttgart 1991st ISBN 3-15-008748-1. <
(3) David Hume:''A Treatise of Human Nature''(English''A Treatise of Human Nature .''), Meiner, Hamburg 1989th ISBN 978-3-7873-0921-4. (Book III, Part I, Section I.).
(4) Herbert Keuth:''science and value judgments. To Value Dispute and positivists must ride''JCB Mohr (Paul Siebeck). Tübingen 1989th ISBN 3-16-345453-4. P. 18f.
(5) Herbert Keuth:''science and value judgments. To Value Dispute and positivists must ride''JCB Mohr (Paul Siebeck). Tübingen 1989th ISBN 3-16-345453-4. P. 10
(6) Herbert Keuth:''science and value judgments. To Value Dispute and positivists must ride''Mohr Siebeck. Tübingen 1989th ISBN 3-16-345452-6. P. 19
(7) Herbert Keuth:''science and value judgments. To Value Dispute and positivists must ride''JCB Mohr (Paul Siebeck). Tübingen 1989th ISBN 3-16-345453-4. P. 4
(8) "value judgments", in: Wolfgang J. Koschnik,''Standard Dictionary of the Social Sciences'', Vol 2, Munich, London New York Paris 1993, ISBN 3-598-11080-4.
(9) such as Paul Feyerabend: Against Method''''Frankfurt am Main, Suhrkamp, 1975, ISBN 3-518-28197-6, S.84ff..
(10) Hilary Putnam]]:''The Collapse of the Fact / Value Dichotomy and Other Essays.'' Harvard University Press, Harvard 2004th ISBN 0674013808th
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literature
* Max Weber:''The 'objectivity' of social science and Social Policy'', in:''Collected Essays on the Theory of Science'', ed. v. [[Johannes Winckelmann]], Tübingen 1988th ISBN 3-8252-1492-3; and in:''writings on science teaching'', Reclam, Stuttgart 1991st ISBN 3-15-008748-1
* Max Weber:''The sense of "ethical neutrality" of the sociological and economic sciences''(1917), in id:''Collected Essays on the theory of science.''Tübingen 1988 (first 1922), 489-540.
* Hans Albert / Topitsch Ernst, (eds.).''Value judgments''armed Darmstadt 1971st
* Ulrich Beck:''objectivity and normativity. The theory-practice debate in the modern German and American sociology.''Reinbek 1974th
* Hilary Putnam:''The Collapse of the Fact / Value Dichotomy and Other Essays.'' Harvard University Press, Harvard 2004 ISBN 0674013808th
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